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Launch of BENCHMARKS

Today the BENCHMARKS project was launched, bringing together 29 partner organisations from across Europe, The European Commission, The Joint Research Centre and representatives of the business and land management sectors, at Wageningen University. BENCHMARKS is a 5-year transdisciplinary research project focused on monitoring soil health across Europe.

Are the soils of Europe considered unhealthy?

A joint assessment undertaken by the Soil Health and Food (SH&F) mission board and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) states that 60-70% of soils in Europe are currently considered unhealthy due to e.g. pollution, excess nutrients, compaction and soil degradation (A Soil Deal for Europe, European Commission, 2022a).

What is the solution proposed for Europe?

The European Commission SH&F mission has set the goal to have 75% of European soils healthy or significantly improved by 2030, in line with a new EU law on the protection of Soil Health. The private sector too, is proposing explicit visions of sustainable food systems, such as the 1000 landscapes for 1 billion people (1000 landscapes, 2022), the 100-million farmers platform of the World Economic Forum (World Economic Forum, 2022) and the Regen10 initiative of the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD, 2022).

So how does BENCHMARKS contribute to this?

Measuring the success of these public and private initiatives through the harmonised monitoring of European soils is an essential, but enormously complex task. It requires coherent yet context-specific monitoring on multiple scales, for multiple land uses, across all EU Member States. BENCHMARKS will work together with stakeholders (farmers, foresters, urban planners, value chain representatives, researchers, local governance and policy makers) from across 24 contrasting landscapes to define how to monitor soil health across Europe, while also considering the local context of land management.

The goals of the BENCHMARKS project are to:

1. Provide a clear, easy-to-use tool for evaluating soil health, that is transparent, harmonized, and cost-effective.
2. Define appropriate indicators that are relevant to the assessment of soil health for a range of land uses and climatic zones across Europe.
3. Develop a soil health dashboard appropriate for use at a range of scales (field to European) for agricultural, forestry, and urban settings.
4. Contribute to improving existing European policies and regulations related to soil health.

BENCHMARKS is a consortium of 29 partner organisations from 10 EU countries plus Norway, Switzerland and UK. These include universities, applied research institutes, small and medium enterprises and local governmental organisations. The project is coordinated by Prof. Rachel Creamer at Wageningen University.

BENCHMARKS receives €12m in funding from the European Commission, as part of the Horizon Europe Call ‘HORIZON-MISS-2021-SOIL-02-02 to ‘validate and further develop indicators for soil health and functions’.

The BENCHMARK partners are: Wageningen University (WU), Osterreichische Agentur fur Gesundheit und Ernahrungssicherheit (AGES), Climate Farmers (CF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Commonland Foundation (Commonland) (COM), Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II (UNINA), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Ustav Vyzkumu Globalni Zmeny Av Cr VVI (Global Change Research Institute (CAS), Direção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Centro (DRA), Fundacio Privada Ersilia (ERSILIA), BV Exploitatie Reservegronden Flevoland (ERF), Fundacion Regeneration Academy (Regeneration Academy Foundation) (RAF), Greenback (GREEN), Grand Alfred (GRAND), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences et Industries du vivant et de l’environnement – agroparistech (AgPar) (Affiliated), Universite de Lorraine (ULo) (Affiliated) Stichting International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI), LUONNONVARAKESKUS (LUKE Natural Resources Institute Finland), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Masarykova univerzita (MU), Universidade de Coimbra (UC), Stichting Wageningen Research (WR), Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Associated partners are: Conservation Education and Research Trust (Earthwatch) (EW) (UK), WCMC LBG (WCMC) (UK), Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL) (CH), Institute for Applied Plant Biology (IAP) (CH).

On January 31st experts in sustainable mobility, representatives of Ljubljana Passenger Transport (LPP), Slovenian Railways – Passenger Transport (SŽ-PP) and the Ministry of Infrastructure sat together over a debate with providers of new forms of transport, the companies GoOpti, Nomago and Avantcar, to identify synergies and the possibility of formation of a system of multimodality, which would enable effective daily migrations without a personal car.
One of the biggest challenges of sustainable mobility is the mass use of a personal car for the transport of a single person. It is the common cause of traffic jams and overcrowded parking lots which many of us experience on a daily basis, as well as of high environmental burdens we will leave to the future generations.

“The development of a multimodal mobility system that can compete with the efficiency and comfort of a private car may be our best chance to free ourselves from the trap of (auto)mobility. To achieve this exclusively by bus and railroad public transport systems would require spatial planning solutions that could take decades, while Ljubljana Urban Region is already crumbling under the weight of daily migration to work by car”, explains Matej Gojčič, Deputy Director of the Regional Development Agency of the Ljubljana Urban Region. That is why RRA LUR took initiative and organized a round table Mobility breakfast: together towards efficient alternatives to the private car in the frame of the European project SmartMOVE: Smart solutions for sustainable mobility, inviting all the key stakeholders to debate about how to find efficient alternatives to the personal vehicle.

Challenges of public passenger transport

According to RRA LUR’s data, 120,000 people commute to work in the region every day. Public passenger transport can, however, only provide transport for 18,000 people during the morning rush hour. The Ministry of Infrastructure is very aware of the need to address this issue. “Slovenia has a very dispersed population, with more than half of the towns having fewer than 500 inhabitants. It is not practical to organise conventional public passenger transport there, so it will be necessary to find new, innovative forms of public passenger transport in the future,” stressed mag. Matjaž Vrčko, leader of the Sector for public passenger transport at the Ministry for infrastructure. Mr. Gojčič adds other issues: poor state of the railway infrastructure, the disconnected nature of urban and suburban bus and rail transport and high congestion of city inlets and the AC ring road, adding that “we need an integrated transport system that will complement each other and not compete with each other, but together strive to reduce the need to use private vehicles”.

“If we want people to use public transport more, we first need to understand why they use it so little now”, explained dr. Aidan Cerar of IPoP – the Institute for Spatial Policies, which also specialises in public opinion research on sustainability issues. “It seems they have quite good reasons – travel times are often too long, especially for those who do not live in cities. For those who live close to stations, the low frequency of the line and the temptation to wait for connections is a common barrier.” Interviews with employees in companies, participating in the SmartMOVE project show that people who stop using their own car for everyday journeys are very happy with their decision and feel it as a special kind of freedom.

Which changes can we expect to see in public passenger transport in the near future?

“At LPP, we want to create conditions that will encourage individuals to opt for public transport rather than daily use of private vehicles”, said LPP Deputy Director dr. Rok Vihar, highlighting the upgrade of the Urbana single city card system as a key activity, which will significantly facilitate route planning through a renewed app and represent the first step towards multimodality, linking all forms of public transport in the LUR region and beyond.

Mag. Darja Kocjan, Director of Slovenian Railways – Passenger Transport, expressed her satisfaction with the fact that the number of their passengers is generally increasing and that they are raising the quality of transport with a number of modern, even double-track trains. They would like to see further investment in rail infrastructure, double-tracking and electrification of regional lines. The introduction of on-the-clock services, increasing the number of trains at peak times and shorter running times would improve the offer. They are aware that complementary services are also important to make rail transport even more attractive. Together with various partners under the umbrella of SŽ, they are therefore already upgrading their rail passenger transport services into a comprehensive HOME TO DESTINATION service – following the “MaaS – Mobility as a Service” concept, such as the “P+R with SŽ – Park and Ride with SŽ” and “E-forward: e-car, e-scooter, e-bike” systems, in line with the mobility concepts of “Carsharing” and “Bikesharing”. At major railway stations, passengers can already rent bicycles, use bike storage and bike parking facilities. “By integrating mobility offers between all stakeholders, I believe we can build even better sustainable public transport in the long term,” concluded Kocjan.

What role do providers of new forms of mobility see in complementing public passenger transport?
GoOpti wants to offer a flexible home-to-work group transport service. According to GoOpti CEO Marko Guček, these services will be cost-effective, have a very low environmental impact and above all could be an efficient solution for employers and users, as well as for the cities. “The future of mobility lies in moving away from the private car towards alternative forms such as public passenger transport, car sharing and group travel. Only by working together with all stakeholders can we change mobility in a way that is environmentally and people friendly”, summarised Guček. As a partner of the European SmartMOVE project, the efficiency of this new modality will be tested by piloting a three-month commute for employees from the northern surroundings of Ljubljana to the University Medical Centre and BTC for three months starting on 1 February 2023.

The success of the Avant2Go car-sharing system shows that new forms of mobility are highly desirable. The number of users is steadily increasing, but as Matej Čer, Avantcar’s managing director puts it, it took a lot of enthusiasm to breaking new ground, adding that the long-term profitability is questionable given the investment. The possibility of integration with JPP or possible subsidies for carsharing would be therefore more than welcome. He stressed that these alternatives can only be a capillary feed for public transport, which needs radical systemic solutions. “Slovenians are extremely attached to their cars and it is difficult to convince them to give them up. It will be interesting to see if the inflation we are facing might be a sufficient motive to change our travel habits”, he added.

Nomago sees the development of sustainable mobility in the simultaneous development of public passenger transport, both bus and rail, and various micro-mobility solutions to cover the first and last kilometre of the journey, with multimodal hubs replacing conventional stations. “Above all, we consider it crucial to integrate different forms of mobility that together meet the daily needs and preferences of users”, said Marjan Beltram, Executive Director for Tourism and Mobility Services at Nomago, adding that a complementary and efficient micromobility infrastructure is of paramount importance to connect the periphery with the city centre, business centres and P+R car parks at the level of the whole region. “Only with such solutions will we be able to talk about MaaS – mobility as a service”, stresses Beltram.

The event was conducted in the framework of the SmartMOVE: Smart Solutions for Sustainable Mobility project, co-financed by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA Financial Mechanism and the Slovenian participation in the Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Programme. It took place on 31st of January at the Crystal Palace in BTC area of Ljubljana and was sponsored by BTC, d.d. Visit www.smart-move.si for more.

You can watch video here.

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Abstract:

Complex networks, or simply networks, are robust structures for representing relationships between entities (nodes) connected in nontrivial ways. These networks can be used to model many types of relationships and processes in physical, biological, social, and information systems. A valuable aspect of network analysis is the identification of strongly connected groups, as this allows the creation of a large-scale map of a system. These groups are called communities and often provide information about the function of the system represented by the network.

The expansion of data popularized the field of network analysis and opened up the possibility of closely observing the represented processes in a temporal manner. Temporal analysis of communities is known as community evolution and aims to detect and explain changes in the collective behaviour of groups. It can be a precious tool in answering many phenomena, especially for social networks, such as economical or political shifts, measuring the influence of topics in forming and dissolving communities, the evolution of echo chambers, etc.

In this thesis, we present two contributions to the field of community detection and evolution. The first is a community detection method named Ensemble Louvain, which produces stable communities with high quality, suitable for evolution analysis. It uses ensembles of a famous community detection algorithm, significantly outperforming it and other ensemble methods that utilize it.

The second contribution is a novel strategy for using artificial networks for community detection benchmarking. The Lancichinetti-Fortunato-Radicchi (LFR) benchmark is the most widely accepted algorithm for generating artificial networks that resemble real-world networks. In the commonly used setting, the diversity of LFR networks is limited. Because the performance of community detection algorithms can vary depending on other network properties, conclusions based on a single set of LFR parameter values can be misleading. Therefore, we propose a comprehensive benchmarking of community detection algorithms that avoids the shortcomings of the standard LFR benchmarking, called the Unconstrained LFR benchmark.

Finally, we present three of our published works where we apply our Ensemble Louvain on a real-world dynamic social network, gaining insight into the development of Twitter communities. We observe the communities by analyzing the evolution of their influential users, discussion topics, and hate speech use. With this, we show a clear example of how community evolution can be used in applied quantitative research in the interdisciplinary field of complex networks.

Nada Lavrač, scientific councilor, former Head of the Department of Knowledge Technologies at the “Jožef Stefan” Institute, professor at the University of Nova Gorica and the Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, is a top expert in the field of machine learning and applications of artificial intelligence in medicine and bioinformatics. Her research focuses on developing methods for learning from complex relational and heterogeneous networked data. Prof. Lavrač is the founder of the field of symbolic learning of representations, called propositionalization, which enables effective use of machine learning algorithms through automated conversion of relational data into a simpler tabular format. Her cutting-edge scientific achievements, the original machine learning methods for learning representations of complex relational data, have been presented also in a monograph “Representation Learning: Propositionalization and Embeddings”, authored by Nada Lavrač, Vid Podpečan and Marko Robnik-Šikonja, published by Springer in 2021. In addition to the original scientific contributions, the monograph presents a comprehensive overview of the research field of representation learning, achieved through a common framework and uniform terminology, enabling a unified description of representation learning techniques for the needs of classical machine learning and deep neural networks.

The award ceremony took place on December 19, 2022 in Cankarjev dom, Ljubljana. You can watch the ceremony at the link (48.50): https://www.rtvslo.si/rtv365/arhiv/P-1023323-015-0000-000?s=tv.